Everything about Pulmonic Ingressive totally explained
In human speech,
pulmonic ingressive sounds are those in which the air stream is created by the
lungs (pulmonic) inhaling and pulling air in (ingressive) through the mouth or nose. Pulmonic ingressive sounds are generally
paralinguistic, and may be found as phonemes, words, and entire phrases on all continents and in genetically unrelated languages, most frequently in sounds for agreement and
backchanneling.
Pulmonic ingressive sounds are extremely rare outside of paralinguistic phenomena. A pulmonic ingressive phoneme was found in the apparently constructed ritual language
Damin, the last speaker of which died in the 1990s. The
ǃXóõ language of Botswana has a series of nasalized
click consonants in which the nasal airstream is pulmonic ingressive. Ladefoged (
SOWL p 268) states that "This ǃXóõ click is probably unique among the sounds of the world's languages that, even in the middle of a sentence, it may have ingressive pulmonic airflow."
Distribution
Speech technologist Robert Eklund (http://roberteklund.info) has found reports of ingressive speech in around 50 languages worldwide, dating as far back as Cranz's (1765) "Historie von Grönland, enthaltend… " where it's mentioned in female affirmations among the Eskimo.
Inhaled Affirmative "Yeah"
Several languages include an affirmative "yeah", "yah", "yuh" or "yes" made with inhaled breath which sounds something like a gasp. This is an example of a pulmonic ingressive. This feature is found in:
Dialects of English spoken in the state of Maine. The word is often transcribed as "ayup" and people attempting to imitate Maine dialect rarely use the ingressive form. It is missing in most Maine-dialect TV and Hollywood productions.
Hiberno-English, typically used to express agreement and show attentiveness in a phone conversation, for example.
In Faroese entire phrases are sometimes produced ingressively, as is also the case inIcelandic language, while in Swedish, Norwegian and Danish words like "ja" (yes), "no" (nei) etc. are often pronounced with inhaled breath which can be confusing to foreigners. The main function of inhaled speech seems to be paralinguistic, showing for example, agreement with a statement and to encourage a speaker to continue on. It is consequently also typical of dialog.
In Khalkha Mongolian the words тийм [tiim] ("yes") and үгүй [ugui] ("no") are often pronounced in daily conversation with pulmonic ingressive airflow.
In Ewe and other Togolese languages.
Sound files
Two sound files of Swedish ja can be downloaded from http://ingressivespeech.info. Spectrograms are also found there.
Further Information
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